Energy Conversion Processes Research of Inverter – Three Phase Dual System Converter

Now days energy power sources are synchronous generators at thermal power plants whose use oil products or nuclear fuel, hydro and wind power plants [1]. These generators have low resistance of inductor windings and termed as voltage sources. Their current strength depends on only load resistance value. Here primary parameter is voltage, secondary is current. However electrical and magnetic expression duality is known for a long. Therefore there are created machines whose generates electric power according to electromagnetic induction law whose current strength is constant at electrical circuit and voltage depends on load resistance. Such electrical machines had high internal resistance and termed as current sources. Here primary parameter is current, secondary is voltage. Ideal voltage source is active element of electrical circuit which internal resistance is equal to zero and therefore voltage value is constant (U=const.) and does not depend on load current strength (I=var.) [2, 3]. Ideal current source is active element of electrical circuit which internal resistance is infinite. Therefore current strength value is constant (I=const.) and does not depend on load voltage, which varies (U=var.) independently on load resistance value [2, 3]. High power electro mechanic current sources are not utilized at electric power engineering sector. Though static current sources are utilized more widely at modern technologies, alternative and renewable power engineering sector [3, 4]. Nuclear electric power generator is one of the promising utilized alternative current sources at power engineering. Their operations are based on nuclear fuel radiation conversion to electrical energy directly [3, 4]. Today some fuel cells convert hydrogen energy directly to electrical power whose are utilized at modern electrical power engineering sector [5]. They can be termed as modern static, high, power current sources according to output characteristic I=f (U) [5, 9]. Solar power is one of the developing renewable energy sources mostly at renewable energy source field. Current source is photovoltaic converter at solar power plant which consists from semiconductor photo element which converts solar ray energy to electric power directly. Current sources are used at such modern technologies as solid state lasers, electro thermal metal welding, illumination and irradiation of gas discharge lamps equipments. Electric power converters are used as current sources at today technologies whose converts standard parameters and frequency (50 Hz, 60 Hz) electric power to current source energy [6, 8]. Presented information shows that electric power voltage at current sources are used at complex circuits and create voltage source (U=const., I=var.) or current source (I=const., U=var.) dual systems. Application of current source systems create unique possibility to utilize, huge resource stochastic character, low potential electric power of renewable energy sources.


Introduction
Now days energy power sources are synchronous generators at thermal power plants whose use oil products or nuclear fuel, hydro and wind power plants [1].These generators have low resistance of inductor windings and termed as voltage sources.Their current strength depends on only load resistance value.Here primary parameter is voltage, secondary is current.However electrical and magnetic expression duality is known for a long.Therefore there are created machines whose generates electric power according to electromagnetic induction law whose current strength is constant at electrical circuit and voltage depends on load resistance.Such electrical machines had high internal resistance and termed as current sources.Here primary parameter is current, secondary is voltage.Ideal voltage source is active element of electrical circuit which internal resistance is equal to zero and therefore voltage value is constant (U=const.)and does not depend on load current strength (I=var.)[2,3].Ideal current source is active element of electrical circuit which internal resistance is infinite.Therefore current strength value is constant (I=const.)and does not depend on load voltage, which varies (U=var.)independently on load resistance value [2,3].High power electro mechanic current sources are not utilized at electric power engineering sector.Though static current sources are utilized more widely at modern technologies, alternative and renewable power engineering sector [3,4].Nuclear electric power generator is one of the promising utilized alternative current sources at power engineering.Their operations are based on nuclear fuel radiation conversion to electrical energy directly [3,4].Today some fuel cells convert hydrogen energy directly to electrical power whose are utilized at modern electrical power engineering sector [5].They can be termed as modern static, high, power current sources according to output characteristic I=f (U) [5,9].Solar power is one of the developing renewable energy sources mostly at renewable energy source field.Current source is photovoltaic converter at solar power plant which consists from semiconductor photo element which converts solar ray energy to electric power directly.
Current sources are used at such modern technologies as solid state lasers, electro thermal metal welding, illumination and irradiation of gas discharge lamps equipments.
Electric power converters are used as current sources at today technologies whose converts standard parameters and frequency (50 Hz, 60 Hz) electric power to current source energy [6,8].Presented information shows that electric power voltage at current sources are used at complex circuits and create voltage source (U=const.,I=var.) or current source (I=const.,U=var.)dual systems.
Application of current source systems create unique possibility to utilize, huge resource stochastic character, low potential electric power of renewable energy sources.

The processes theory of inverter -three phase dual system converter
The inverter -three phase dual system converter (ITSC) is used to convert DC electric power of voltage system to three phases, steady frequency AC electric power of current system.Here is used nonlinear, active, inductive, capacitive and semiconductor elements system.Simulation-mathematical modeling method is used for electric power conversion research [3].ITSC model diagram is showed at picture Fig. 1.Here U o -DC voltage of voltage system electric power which varies stochastically.k1 -D1, k2 -D2, k3 -D3, k4 -D4, k5 -D5, k6 -D6 is thyristor (transistor) of separate phases and semiconductor diodes imitators of ITSC, L k1 -C k1 , L k2 -C k2, L k3 -C k3 -reactive elements, C 01 , C 02 -capacitors whose store DC energy.Load elements are following: R 15 , R 16 , R 17 -autonomous three phase load or (and) standard three phase source (eg.synchronous generator), whose emf E 1 , E 2 , E 3 RMS values and they variation laws are known.R 18 , R 19 , R 20 -internal resistances of each emf.Oriented graph of ITSC electrical diagram is formed for electromagnetic processes research and equation creation.9 diagram nodes (O), 21 diagram branches ( ) are showed at oriented graph.There are created topological matrixes of branch, node, loop of electrical diagram.Theses matrixes are used for node and loop equations creation.Such equations are selected that all system generalized structural mathematical model could be created possibly simpler [6,7].Equations number is selected such that mathematical model corresponded to ITSC electrical diagram fully.Differential equations are transformed to Koshi form.Some equations are transformed that there would remain only one parameter derivative [6,7].

Electromagnetic processes differential equations
Initial parameters of calculation are following at ITSC mathematical model structure:  Equations Koshi form for model is following: Functional converters -semiconductor simulators structures are showed in Fig. 3 [3,6].
Here pulse period of control oriented of functional converters -semiconductor is T pulse =0,02 s and pulse angle of corresponding transistor: Here are presented characteristics of specific electrical values.

Research results of electromagnetic processes of energy conversion
At this section are presented research results of conversion of stationary and transient electromagnetic processes of ITSC autonomous operating conditions, electrical network operating condition.
Research results of autonomous operating condition is performed when three phase load is symmetrical therefore resistances of load are equal and R 15 = R 16 = R 17 .One of three phase load current I 15 dependence on load R 15 is presented at Fig. 4, because variation is identical of currents I 16 , I 17 .ITSC converted current I 15 has very high stability factor γ at wide range of load R 15 variation.When load resistance varies from 10 Ω to 400 Ω, then U o = 12 V, γ = ± 4,6%; U o = 36 V, γ= ± 12,5 %; U o = 60 V; γ= ± 12,6 %.The magnitude of the selected harmonic component is calculated by the following equations where n -number of selected harmonic, a n and b namplitudes of harmonics.a n and b n calculated by following equations: Number of harmonic components of electrical network currents I 18 , I 19, I 20 and showed at Fig. 8. Research results show that percentage value of fundamental component harmonic is equal to 81%, third harmonic percentage is equal 17%, third harmonic percentage is equal 1%, higher than 5th harmonics percentage is less than 1% and for each phase percentage values are identical.Therefore fundamental component of harmonic structure of electrical network currents I 18 , I 19, I 20 whose is transmitted from ITSC to electrical network is dominating.ITSC converts stochastic character DC electrical energy to high quality AC electrical energy which is transmitted to electrical network.Here is showed output voltage between phases and earth u out dependence on time t, u out15 , u out16 , u out17 =f(t).Here three phase load resistance R 15 , R 16 , R 17 are disconnected from ITSC at time t = 0,4 s, when U o = 20 V, R 16 , R 17 , R 18 = 300 Ω. Results shows that after t > 0,5 s, u out15 , u out16 , u out17 peak values increase to 105 times.Here transient process duration is 1,25 s.

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. Oriented graph of electrical diagram of ITSC for simulation -mathematical modeling research software is used for solution of equation.It is possible to research any purpose and power ITSC electromagnetic processes by entering known initial parameters to model according technical specification.ITSC mathematical description is used for research results analysis and creation of ITSC engineering methodology.

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4. Current I R15 dependence on load resistance R 15 , I R15 = f(R 15 ) Input current of ITSC I o dependence on load resistances R 15 , R 16 , R 17 are presented at Fig. 5. Research results shows when load resistances R 15 , R 16 , R 17 varies 40 times input voltage of ITSC: U o =12 V, I o varies 35,8 times; U o =24 V, I o varies 34,9 times; U o =36 V, I o varies 33,6 times and I o varies linearly.Research results presented at Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 confirmed that ITSC operates according electric power system dualism concept and converts DC electrical energy of voltage power system (U = const.I = var.) to three phase current power system (I = const.U = var.)and transmit to three phase load.

Fig. 5 .
Fig. 5. Input current of ITSC I o dependence on load resistance R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , I o = f(R 15 , R 16 , R 17 ) Research results of electrical network operating condition is performed when three phase electrical network voltage of phase to earth is E 1 =E 2 =E 3 = 230 V and internal resistances of are equal R 18 = R 19 = R 20 = 0,01 Ω.One of transmitted current I 18 to electrical network dependence on voltage U o is presented in Fig. 6 because variation is identical of currents I 19 , I 20 .In Fig. 6 shown that when U o

Fig. 6 .
Fig. 6.Current I 18 transmitted to electrical network dependence on voltage U o , I 18 = f(U o ) Fig. 7 shows transmitted currents i 18 , i 19, i 20 by ITSC to electrical network time t function, i 18 , i 19, i 20 = f(t).ITSC load current is periodic functions whose frequency is 50 Hz.There is evaluated rank of harmonics of currents i 18 , i 19, i 20 transmitted electrical to network by ITSC.Modeling is performed when ITSC input voltage value is U o = 20 V and three phase electrical network voltage, U S = 230 V. Modeling is performed by following methodology.

Fig. 8 .
Fig. 8. Number of harmonic components of electrical network currents I 18 , I 19, I 20

Fig. 9 .
Fig. 9. Output voltage u out15 , u out16 , u out17 of ITSC dependence on time t Transient electromagnetic processes research results of autonomous operating condition are showed at Fig. 9. and Fig. 10.

Fig. 9
Fig. 9 shows open circuit operation of ITSC research results.Here is showed output voltage between phases and earth u out dependence on time t, u out15 , u out16 , u out17 =f(t).Here three phase load resistance R 15 , R 16 , R 17 are disconnected from ITSC at time t = 0,4 s, when U o = 20 V, R 16 , R 17 , R 18 = 300 Ω. Results shows that after t > 0,5 s, u out15 , u out16 , u out17 peak values increase to 105 times.Here transient process duration is 1,25 s.

Fig. 10 .
Fig. 10.Three phase load resistances R 15, R 16 , R 17 short circuit current i SC15 , i SC16 , i SC17 dependence on time t Fig. 10 shows three phase load resistance short circuit electromagnetic transient processes results.Here R 15, R 16 , R 17 is short circuited on time t = 0,4 s. Results shows that after t > 0,4 s peak value of ITSC output current i SC15 , i SC16 , i SC17 increases up to only 3,4 times but this value is near rated current value.Here transient process duration is 0,08 s.Modeling results of transient processes of ITSC open circuit operation shows that such operating condition could be hazardous for conversion system practically.
Three phase current I 15 , I 16 , I 17 , value does not depend on corresponding three phase load resistances R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , variation significantly.When load R 15 varies 40 times and ITSC input voltage U o varies 3 time currents stability factor γ varies up to ± 12,6 %. 3. When stochastic character ITSC voltage U o of input of electric power varies 20 times electric power is converted and transmitted by ITSC to three phase electrical network permanently.4. Electrical network current harmonic percentage of fundamental component is equal to 81%, therefore quality is high of stochastic character electric power converted by ITSC without any filter and transmitted to electrical network.5. Modeling research results of electromagnetic transient processes of conversion shows when ITSC operates at open circuit operation ITSC output voltage u out increases up to 105 times therefore such operation could be hazardous practically.6. Mathematical modeling research results of electromagnetic transient processes shows when ITSC load is short circuited peak value of ITSC output current i sc increases up to only 3,4 times but this value is near rated current value.7. Applied mathematical modeling methodology for ITSC allows researching its electromagnetic stationary and transient processes of energy conversion, storage, transmission and mathematical model of ITSC log all time functions of variables and various values of parameter, analyses influence of element parameters to other elements.